Mustapha, Aliyu, Eskandarlou, Muhammad, Maina Bukar, Abubakar, Karimi, Abbas. (1404). The Relationship Between Destiny (Qadar), Decree (Qaḍā) and Badāʾ from Allamah Tabataba'i's Perspective: An Analysis in Light of the Quran and Hadith. مطالعات فلسفی کلامی, (), -. doi: 10.22034/qns.2025.22035.1139
Aliyu Mustapha; Muhammad Eskandarlou; Abubakar Maina Bukar; Abbas Karimi. "The Relationship Between Destiny (Qadar), Decree (Qaḍā) and Badāʾ from Allamah Tabataba'i's Perspective: An Analysis in Light of the Quran and Hadith". مطالعات فلسفی کلامی, , , 1404, -. doi: 10.22034/qns.2025.22035.1139
Mustapha, Aliyu, Eskandarlou, Muhammad, Maina Bukar, Abubakar, Karimi, Abbas. (1404). 'The Relationship Between Destiny (Qadar), Decree (Qaḍā) and Badāʾ from Allamah Tabataba'i's Perspective: An Analysis in Light of the Quran and Hadith', مطالعات فلسفی کلامی, (), pp. -. doi: 10.22034/qns.2025.22035.1139
Mustapha, Aliyu, Eskandarlou, Muhammad, Maina Bukar, Abubakar, Karimi, Abbas. The Relationship Between Destiny (Qadar), Decree (Qaḍā) and Badāʾ from Allamah Tabataba'i's Perspective: An Analysis in Light of the Quran and Hadith. مطالعات فلسفی کلامی, 1404; (): -. doi: 10.22034/qns.2025.22035.1139
The Relationship Between Destiny (Qadar), Decree (Qaḍā) and Badāʾ from Allamah Tabataba'i's Perspective: An Analysis in Light of the Quran and Hadith
1Ph.D. graduate in Islamic Theology (Kalām), Department of Theology and Islamic Denominations, Faculty of Wisdom and Religious Studies, Al-Mustafa International University, Abuja, Nigeria
2Professor, Quran and Hadith Higher Education Complex, Al-Mustafa International University, Qعm, Iran
3Ph.D. student in Islamic Theology (Kalām), Department of Theology and Islamic Denominations, Faculty of Wisdom and Religious Studies, Al-Mustafa International University, Abuja, Nigeria
4Member of the Association of the Quran and Orientalists, Qom Seminary, Qum, Iran
چکیده
Islamic Theology is a profound science that explores complex Divine actions, including destiny (qadar), decree (qaḍā), and badāʾ (the theological concept of divine alteration). This paper employs a descriptive-analytic method to analyze these concepts through the perspective of Allamah Tabatabai, comparing his views with the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Allamah bases his understanding on the principle of causality, defining qaḍā as the relationship between an object and its complete cause, and qadar as its relation to an incomplete cause. While the universe operates under causality, this system is itself subject to God's supreme will, which can hasten or delay outcomes. This dual reality—natural causality and divine intervention—creates a balance in human experience between recognizing natural laws and divine power. Human beings, according to this view, are not passive recipients of fate. Free will and moral responsibility remain intact. Actions shape eternal outcomes, and divine decree and human action coexist harmoniously, like soul and body. Importantly, some divine decrees can change— badāʾ—through repentance, prayer, and righteous acts, as emphasized in Islamic texts. This is explained through the distinction between two tablets: the Preserved Tablet (Lawḥ Maḥfūẓ) and the Tablet of Erasing and Affirming (Lawḥ Maḥw wa Ithbāt). Thus, fortune and misfortune are not fixed but can be transformed. Allamah's interpretation aligns closely with Quranic and prophetic teachings, reinforcing a believer's balance between fear and hope—an essential state for spiritual growth and closeness to God.
