- Books and Journals
- Abbas, Nurlaelah. Muhammad Abduh: Konsep Rasionalisme dalam Islam. Makassar, Indonesia: Fakultas Dakwah dan Komunikasi UIN Alauddin Makassar.
- Abduh, Muhammad. Islam and Modernism. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Islamic Book Trust.
- Abduh, Muhammad. The Theology of Unity. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Islamic Book Trust.
- Adams, Paul C. 1997. “Cyberspace and Virtual Places”, Geographical Review, April 1997, p.155.
- Akhavi, Shahrough. 2003. “Sunni Modernist Theories of Social Contract in Contemporary Egypt”, International Journal of Middle East Studies 35 (2003), pp.23-49.
- Campanini, Massimo. 2009. “Qur’an Hermeneutics and Political Hegemony: Reformation of Islamic Thought”, The Muslim World, January 2009, p.124.
- Capurro, Rafael. 2005. “Privacy: An Intercultural Perspective”, Ethics and Information Technology, pp.37-47.
- Cavelty, Myriam Dunn. 2014. “Breaking the Cyber Security Dilemma: Aligning Security Needs and Removing Vulnerabilities”, Sci Eng Ethics, 2014, pp. 701 -715.
- Conway, Maura. 2002. “What Is Cyberterrorism?”, Current History, December 2002, p.436.
- Deibert, Ronald&Rahal Rohozinski. 2010. “Liberation vs Control: The Future of Cyberspace”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 21, No. 4, October 2010.
- Diop, Ismaila. 2009. Thèse de doctorat: “Islam et modernité chez Muhammad Abduh: Defis de son époque et enjeux contemporains”. France: Université Strasbourg.
- Enayat, Hamid. 2006. Modern Islamic Political Thought. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Islamic Book Trust.
- Fareed, Muneer. 2001. “Against Itjihad”, The Muslim World, p.355.
- Fitzsimons, Patrick. 2000. “Changing Conceptions of Globalization: Changing Conceptions of Education”, Educational Theory, Fall 2000, p.505.
- Gurak, Laura J&Christine M.Silker. 1997. “Technical Communication Research: From Traditional to Virtual”, Technical Communication Quarterly, Fall 1997, p.403.
- Healey, Jason. 2016. “A Non-State Strategy for Saving Cyberspace”, Journal of International Affairs, Winter 2016, p.13.
- Indonesian Ministry of Defense. White Defense Paper.
- Ismael, Jacqueline S&Shereen T. Ismael. 2008. “Social Policy in the Arab World: The Search for Social Justice”, Arab Studies Quarterly, Spring 2008, p. 23.
- Koerber, Amy. 2001. “Postmodernism, Resistance, and Cyberspace: Making Rhetorical Spaces for Feminist Mothers on the Web”, Women’s Studies in Communication, Fall 2001, p.218.
- Laffan, Michael. 2004. “An Indonesian Community in Cairo: Continuity and Change in A Cosmopolitan Islamic Milieu”, Indonesia, p.1.
- Lavie, Limor. The Idea of Civil State in Egypt: Its Evolution and Political Impact Following the 2011 Revolution. Middle East Institute.
- Michelfelder, Diane P. 2002. “Our moral condition in cyberspace”, Ethics and Information Technology, 2000, p.147.
- Moaddel, Mansoor. 2002. “Discursive Pluralism and Islamic Modernism in Egypt”, Arab Studies Quarterly, Winter 2002, p.1.
- Muqoyyidin, Andik Wahyun. Pembaruan Pendidikan Islam menurut Muhammad Abduh.
- Jombang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia: Fakultas Agama Islam Universitas Pesantren Tinggi Darul Ulum Jombang.
- Naaman, Erez. 2017. “Nurture over Nature: Habitus from al-Farabi through Ibn Khaldun to Abduh”, Journal of the American Oriental Society.
- Najjar, Fauzi M. 1996. “The Debate on Islam and Secularism in Egypt”, Arab Studies Quarterly, Spring 1996, p.1.
- Norton, Augustus Richard. 2002. “Activism and Reform in Islam”, Current History, November 2002, p.377.
- Panait, Ion. 2015. “The Hybrid War Concept – Arguments For and Versus”, July 2015.
- Park, Jung-ran. 2006. “Evolution of concept networks and implications for knowledge representation”, Journal of Documentation, Vol.63 No.6, 2007.
- Pulungan, M.A., Prof. Dr. Hj. Suyuthi. Ide Jamaluddin Al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, dan Rasyid Ridha tentang Negara dan Pemerintahan dalam Islam. Palembang, Indonesia: IAIN Raden Fatah Palembang.
- Putriyanti, Ayu. 2009. “Yurisdiksi di Internet/Cyberspace”, Media Hukum, Vol. IX, No. 2 April-Juni 2009.
- Rahman, Azimaton Abdul, Nor Hazlina Hashim, Hasrina Mustafa. 2015. “Muslims in cyberspace: exploring factors influencing online religious engagements in Malaysia”, Media Asia, Vol.42, No.1 -2, pp.61 -73.
- Rude, John. C. 1996. “Birth of A Nation in Cyberspace”, The Humanist, March/April 1996, p.17.
- Sahay, Amrohini. 1997. “Cybermaterialism and the invention of the cybercultural everyday”, New Literary History, Summer 1997, pp.543 -567.
- Scharbrodt, Oliver. 2007. The Salafiyya and Sufism: Muhammad Abduh and his Risalat al-Waridat (Treatise on Mystical Inspirations). UK.
- Shuriye, Abdi O&Mosud T. Ajala. 2014. “Islam and the Cyber World”, Journal of Educational and Social Research, Vol.4, No.6, September 2014.
- Soage, Ana Belen. 2008. “Rashid Rida’s Legacy”, The Muslim World, January 2008, p.1.
- Spinello, Richard A. 2001. “Code and moral values in cyberspace”, Ethics and Information Technology, 2001, p.137.
- Strate, Lance. 1999. “The Varieties of Cyberspace: Problems in Definition and Delimitation”, Western Journal of Communication, Summer 1999, pp.382-412.
- Tesis: Biografi, Pendidikan, Pengalaman, dan Pemikiran Pembaharuan Islam Muhammad Abduh.
- Tesis: Tafsir Al Manar.
- Universitas Pertahanan. 2014. Peta Konflik Indonesia 2013. Sentul: Universitas Pertahanan.
- Valcanis, Tom. 2011. “An iPhone in Every Hand: Media Ecology, Communication Structures, and The Global Village”, January 2011, p.33.
- Weismann, Itzchak. 2011. Modernity from Within: Islamic Fundamentalism and Sufism
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